I'm not sure if it is really inspired from other works or history. Probably reading more into it than there is. Sidonia is the name of the colony ship they live on. Perhaps it's a chunk of Mars (it does look like a chunk of a planet adapted into a spaceship) and maybe that's the connection, but as far as I can remember the anime hasn't said where the name of the ship came from.
Anyway... Knights of Sidonia is a fantastic sci-fi anime that I strongly encourage everybody to watch. The CGI is done so well that after awhile you'll barely notice it is completely rendered in 3D. The mech fighting scenes are awesome, especially with the great sound effects and 3D lighting, and they aren't afraid of killing off characters. The world building is well done too.
It's currently running its second season.