The usual "go to" title would be AE van Vogt's The Weapon Makers (and much else of van Vogt besides). Probably because I actually read it first, I was even more blown away by Charles L. Harness' The Paradox Men (also known as Flight into Yesterday). On re-reading many years later that extremely powerful mind-blowingness didn't work as well but it was still a lot of fun.
Those are temporal/causal sorts of mind blowing which isn't entirely different from the kind of "high concept/metaphysical" mind-blowing Bick's talking about with PKD (adding The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch and Ubik (etc) to Martian Time-Slip) -- Ursula K. Le Guin's foray into PKDWorld, The Lathe of Heaven, would also be worth a mention in this context -- and zaltys13 is talking about with Rucker (adding Space-Time Donuts (etc) to White Light. Rucker's has added sinews of mathematics in his metaphysics. A work that is kind of related though on a completely different level and so not usually mentioned is Keith Laumer's Knight of Delusions (aka Night of Delusions). On a re-read it seemed overly repetitive and, as I say, comparatively shallow, but was still neat and the first read was mind-blowing. So it might not suit a jaded reader but a fresh reader might get a real kick out of it.
Speaking of, most any decent SF a new reader reads is likely to be pretty mind-bending at the least. Stuff like Heinlein's Starman Jones and Spinrad's Last Hurrah collection did it for me though, while I still like them a lot and they have survived re-reads with flying colors, they don't leap to mind as "mind-blowing" in retrospect. But they are, really. One that works both ways is Isaac Asimov's The Foundation Trilogy.
But when I think "mind-blowing" I tend to go panning in the hard SF beds where I find the most mind-blowing gold. "Cosmology operas", so to speak, are the things that light me up the most. Poul Anderson's Tau Zero and Charles Sheffield's Between the Strokes of Night, especially. Extreme physics like Hal Clement's Mission of Gravity, Joe Haldeman's The Forever War (which is also mind-blowing in subtler sociological ways), Robert L. Forward's Dragon's Egg - disc-shaped planets with ultra-high gravity regions, time-dilation star wars, beings living at super-speeds on neutron stars! But things much more modest and closer to home can also be captivating and mind-blowing in their ways. I don't know how well it holds up but I was blown away by Frederik Pohl's Man Plus in which, rather than turning Mars into Earth for colonization, the protagonist human is turned into a Martian.
And I would always recommend the complete works of Greg Egan (especialy Diaspora) for the best in mind-bending and mind-blowing SF.
And I wouldn't neglect short fiction. Every one mentioned has written excellent short fiction and the entire short works of John Varley (as well as his first novel, The Ophiuchi Hotline) are well worth exploring for mind-bending, along with thousands of other short works by hundreds of authors.