How divergent are your aliens?

ErikB

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So this is more of a curiosity thing and I do not believe that there is a right or wrong way to create or describe aliens for the general writing community.

For myself without going too deep into beliefs or my background as a biologist I will say that I build on environmental factors and a few base rules that I personally find satisfying in creating alien bipeds or alien animals/creatures.

I would say that if you look at Earth as a basic model and think about the way that different organisms are evolved and adapted to their environment and the pressures it places upon them, then it is obvious to see that form and function walk hand in hand.

Lower gravity beings are weaker than heavy gravity beings to various degrees. The skin that behoves an alien on a tropical humid world would not suffice on a cold or desert planet.

Generally speaking mammals, reptiles, and birds have four limbs (not to criticize creatures that are hexipedal or octopods etc.), whereas insects and arthropods and molluscs can or do have more.

Most bipeds are bilaterally split. Generally one side mirrors the other and this goes for most creatures in nature. Having odd limbs such as 3 or 5 for an advanced organism is not a general natural function if we agree to use what we know and observe as a model of what we might find on encountering other organisms in the universe.

Nothing is impossible or set in stone I realize and that is why it is called science fiction. But I find that keeping to natural models for organisms on our own world that if an alien biped is around 20 - 70% different from humans but still retaining some of the basic natural form inherent in bipedal locomotion and form, then the alien becomes much more viable to the reader.

Think about the film industry franchise. We all know what Klingons and Wookies look like. We know of Romulans and Navi quite well and the characters are believable.

That's not to say hexipedal characters are not memorable. The Tharks of John Carter of Mars for example are quite memorable and if you read the books Borroughs has plenty of other odd but interesting characters in his tales.

Ultimately it is a matter of what you like as an author where you draw the line and if you even do. For my part I am more drawn to the "less is more" thing when it comes to creating aliens.

A few little variations and a handful of stronger deviations from our own model and you have interesting and memorable species that readers will quickly identify with.

And not to play with words too much here but the more strange and bizarre that you make your alien the more challenging it can be to get a reader to empathize with that creature until they are well divested into your story. Alienated by strange aliens? Always possible and to a degree accurate.

No matter how you create your aliens its always fun and fascinating especially where you get to create their interactions with humans. Seeing the diversity of forms responding to each other and the various goals and plots of a story is interesting to the reader.

So just out of curiosity how much divergence from our natural laws or forms do you like to apply to your aliens?

For my part I'd say my aliens are usually around 35 - 45% strange or different than what you might find here on Earth. But always with a strong consideration for how their evolution has created their form and thinking and behavior.

Cheers!
 
I'm with you on this. I feel that a realistic view of alien life forms is that they'll not be so very different to what we find on Earth. I also think four limbs seems to be what evolution has found works best for larger animals and so a technological species would have had to evolve to bipedal form to free up two of those limbs for manipulators. The only examples of large creatures with more limbs seem to be ones that float and if they're floating in water then the barriers to achieving technology would seem so great that it's unlikely to happen. And as for floating in the air (maybe with some sort of biological gas bag) that doesn't appear to be something that evolution has managed very successfully here on Earth which makes me think it is also unlikely. I suspect that on land the benefits of an extra pair (or more) of limbs on a large animal simply isn't balanced by the costs of coordinating those limbs.

I believe that survival of the fittest means that all the life currently present on Earth is pretty close to as good a solution to the problems facing life as you are likely to find. And Our planet seems to span pretty much the extremes of temperature and environment where life is going to be possible. So for me parallel evolution rules!
 
I'm with you on this. I feel that a realistic view of alien life forms is that they'll not be so very different to what we find on Earth. I also think four limbs seems to be what evolution has found works best for larger animals and so a technological species would have had to evolve to bipedal form to free up two of those limbs for manipulators. The only examples of large creatures with more limbs seem to be ones that float and if they're floating in water then the barriers to achieving technology would seem so great that it's unlikely to happen. And as for floating in the air (maybe with some sort of biological gas bag) that doesn't appear to be something that evolution has managed very successfully here on Earth which makes me think it is also unlikely. I suspect that on land the benefits of an extra pair (or more) of limbs on a large animal simply isn't balanced by the costs of coordinating those limbs.

I believe that survival of the fittest means that all the life currently present on Earth is pretty close to as good a solution to the problems facing life as you are likely to find. And Our planet seems to span pretty much the extremes of temperature and environment where life is going to be possible. So for me parallel evolution rules!

I think that this is spot on. You stated it quite well. I enjoy a well written book regardless of how much I have to suspend viability for what I believe to be universal natural laws. However I enjoy a fantasy book far more if the dragon has it's fore limbs modified into batlike wings, than if the author took a reptile and slapped an additional two wings on its back to create a dragon.

I just can't fully buy it.

;)
 
I think that this is spot on. You stated it quite well. I enjoy a well written book regardless of how much I have to suspend viability for what I believe to be universal natural laws. However I enjoy a fantasy book far more if the dragon has it's fore limbs modified into batlike wings, than if the author took a reptile and slapped an additional two wings on its back to create a dragon.

I just can't fully buy it.

;)
Actually I'm just remembering an article by Stephan Jay Gould (I think) called Eight Little Piggies (again I think) where he shows that evolution did experiment with larger numbers of digits instead of five but apparently unsuccessfully before reverting to five.
 
Oh, and if you want to really play around with evolutionary possibilities you should try some of Neal Asher's aliens, particularly in his Spatterjay books. He loves coming up with wild aliens creatures but also trying to provide plausible evolutionary mechanisms that have produced them.
 
Many therapod dinosaurs had variations on digits and of course so did horses and other hooves animals. But five works best for most organisms. Four is the second choice.

Raptors such as hawks and eagles have four. But the strength is in only the inner toe and the back toe. Adaptations for hunting, gripping, and killing.

Even cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins) as well as sirenians (manatees and dugongs) have vestigial bones in their pectoral flippers in a five finger pattern.

It is indeed the primary natural choice!
 
Oh, and if you want to really play around with evolutionary possibilities you should try some of Neal Asher's aliens, particularly in his Spatterjay books. He loves coming up with wild aliens creatures but also trying to provide plausible evolutionary mechanisms that have produced them.

I'll have to check that out. Thanks!
 
I believe any aliens we encounter will be drastically different from us. They'll probably just be a sentient blob that slithers around ;) Who was it that said something like they'll be so different we'll never be able to comprehend them? Or something like that

But unless I'm using their uniqueness to add complications for my MC's, I'll make them bipedal with maybe a few differences such as size and strength. For a simple alien, It'll most likely have four or more legs and be a nasty critter that eats my MC's.

In the past I've tried to get into the little details regarding their home planet and how they've evolved, but I get bogged down in those details and don't get anything done.
 
I think match them to what you want them to do in your book. I have two sets in Inish Carraig, both of which follow the evolutionary argument, mainly because it was better for the book - it's not about the coolness of my aliens, but how them being on Earth impacts on my poor characters. But if you're wanting a book where we don't know the blob on the beach is a sentient alien, then you go with that. Etc Etc Etc. You can do what you want with the aliens - none of us know any better - match it to the needed plots and themes.
 
I think the classic alien is the Gray as described in a lot of unsubstantiated sightings. as you say they are symmetric humanoids. However the 'Moties' with their two manipulative hands and the single opposed gripping arm also ( to me ) sounds plausible as well
 
I think convergent evolution is a powerful factor; given pressures of different ecological niches, certain forms will tend to crop up more. The best example I have come across is how fish, whales and penguins all have approximately similar body shapes, all designed for living in water and evolving separately. Therefore it's reasonable to assume intelligent life on another earth like planet would be like us, in many ways. There would be differences in things that don't impact tool use, or development of social structure or communication, but aside from that, a lot is up for grabs.

In my WIP, my aliens are approximately similar to humans (though reptilian) and most of the differences are cultural or linked to differences in our biology, for example the cultural significance of their tails and how it varies between their cultures.

I considered more alien aliens, filling different niches on different worlds, but it felt a little gimmicky and what I really wanted to use them as a mirror for us humans anyway, so went with an alien race in a similar ecological niche to us.
 
I believe any aliens we encounter will be drastically different from us. They'll probably just be a sentient blob that slithers around ;)
Perhaps someone will say that about us in a few hundred years!

I considered more alien aliens, filling different niches on different worlds, but it felt a little gimmicky and what I really wanted to use them as a mirror for us humans anyway, so went with an alien race in a similar ecological niche to us.
I think Dune is a prime example of how humanoids can be portrayed in science fiction while retaining the wonder of different worlds, advanced technology and unworldly powers.
 
I love this thread... it is something I've thought about before, but never really discussed. I happen to think we CAN extrapolate that evolution by natural selection is the universal method by which lifeforms come to be and change. We know of no other means, even hypothetical, that can do this.

Given that, there are some things we can extrapolate as "likely" based on past & current lifeforms on Earth. For instance, the eye has evolved in different forms (and independently) multiple times here on Earth, and in multiple environments, making it clear the evolutionary pressure for vision is extremely high. I don't know if the same is true of a CNS, but basic physics tells us if you DO have a nervous system to process sensory data, the optimal configuration reduces the travel time of your connecting wire, so there would probably be a pressure for eyes and ears and whatever else to be close to the brain, just like on humans. Assuming the mechanism of evolution is genetics, we see strong advantages here of having two sexes (but not three)... all sorts of things like this that might allow actual aliens to resemble the little green men often depicted.

Very cool stuff. As for how to take this to sci-fi, I think it depends what blend of strange and familiar you are going for. All varieties can be enjoyable
 
A distinction should be made between primitive aliens and technologically advanced aliens. Technologically advanced aliens could most likely follow similar patterns of evolution to humans, with some divergences according to environment (since we assume human form is pretty good for evolving higher functions). Primitive aliens, on the other hand, could be anything, and will most likely look nothing like our Earth's animals (since we assume, given the rest of our animals are nowhere near as "complex" as we are, that their forms are not as higher-function-worthy as ours is. The playing field therefore widens and the possibilities are much more diverse for lower level creatures, since their evolution is a lottery, trying to hit the one configuration that will let them evolve higher functions).
 
I don't agree with some of the base assumptions. Animals that live in water can be fantastically strong, yet are living in a nearly gravity-less environment. Bearing weight with a calcium skeleton might dictate musculature/gravity ratios to an extent, but not with other sorts of body plans.

Lateral symmetry is likely a product of the type of cell division our DNA dictates, but other types of cell division or non-cellular structure are totally possible.


One of the biggest assumptions is the idea that consciousness will have any similarities. Check out "Blindsight" by Peter Watts if you want to get thinking about what it is to be human vs. alien.
 
I love this thread... it is something I've thought about before, but never really discussed. I happen to think we CAN extrapolate that evolution by natural selection is the universal method by which lifeforms come to be and change. We know of no other means, even hypothetical, that can do this.

Given that, there are some things we can extrapolate as "likely" based on past & current lifeforms on Earth. For instance, the eye has evolved in different forms (and independently) multiple times here on Earth, and in multiple environments, making it clear the evolutionary pressure for vision is extremely high. I don't know if the same is true of a CNS, but basic physics tells us if you DO have a nervous system to process sensory data, the optimal configuration reduces the travel time of your connecting wire, so there would probably be a pressure for eyes and ears and whatever else to be close to the brain, just like on humans. Assuming the mechanism of evolution is genetics, we see strong advantages here of having two sexes (but not three)... all sorts of things like this that might allow actual aliens to resemble the little green men often depicted.

Very cool stuff. As for how to take this to sci-fi, I think it depends what blend of strange and familiar you are going for. All varieties can be enjoyable

Interestingly the eyes also follow need. For example, the Horseshoe crab. This is an organism that has been around virtually unchanged for 450+ million years. It predates sharks by 20 million years. It predates the first terrestrial plants.

The animal is not a crab at all. It is a relative of arachnids (scorpions and spiders). It has blue blood because the blood is copper based not iron based like our own and most animals.

And like spiders it has 8 eyes or rather 4 sets of eyes. The upper outer eyes with the horned ridges over them are complex eyes that they can use in shallow waters and daylight to see clearly.

Then there is what appear to be two nostrils in the middle front of the carapace (shell) just under a hornlike projection. These are actually simple eyes. They give vague image impressions that are only when something is close to the animal. Impressions but nothing clear.

And on the top on either side are some strips that appear to almost have a stained glass or honeycomb window like appearance. These four groupings are photo receptor eyes. They just detect light and dark. Nothing more.

So why are there so many different kinds of eyes on the same animal? Because of how it lives.

Most of the time for a year or two it dwells deep in the dark depths of the ocean where little to no light penetrates. Eyes are mostly obsolete except for the four photo sensitive strips.

These announce day and night cycles. It let's the animal understand photo cycles and seasonal changes.

Once a year or every other year they move to the shallows and find coastal reaches where they can breed and spawn.

During these times complex and simple eyes become useful for avoiding danger, finding food, and finding potential mates.

They spend dome of their day during the hottest times partially buried in mud or sand with just a bit of their eyes and upper shell exposed.

Again, how the animal lives explains the morphology and evolution of its eyes and body.

The same basic laws can apply to both alien creatures, as well as bipedal forms. I doubt that we will find many intelligent blobs out there (I mean look at Rush Limbaugh). But anything is possible.

Cheers!

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I don't agree with some of the base assumptions. Animals that live in water can be fantastically strong, yet are living in a nearly gravity-less environment. Bearing weight with a calcium skeleton might dictate musculature/gravity ratios to an extent, but not with other sorts of body plans.

Lateral symmetry is likely a product of the type of cell division our DNA dictates, but other types of cell division or non-cellular structure are totally possible.


One of the biggest assumptions is the idea that consciousness will have any similarities. Check out "Blindsight" by Peter Watts if you want to get thinking about what it is to be human vs. alien.

Insects are the strongest animals on our planet respective to their size. But while they don't get very large now with a few exceptions such as the Goliath beetle. They once were quite large. In an earlier time period when our planet was lush and green.

The hyper infusion of and high oxygen content in the atmosphere allowed these creatures to grow to immense proportions. There were dragonflies the size of eagles and monstrous arthropods 6 - 8 feet long or more.

Environment can impact form as much as gravity can.

;)
 
I was reading a bunch of How To's yesterday for building cosplay wings. One of the most useful videos went over the veining in fairy wing structure. How if one is going to give butterfly-esk or dragonfly-ish or bee inspired wings, one should get a hold of an old field guide with wing anatomy diagrams. Note how the structure is designed to enable flight and what kind of flight. Then work one's fantasy wings from there.

Can you recommend sources of base information for non-bio-majors to begin tailoring aliens from?

What are shoulder blades for? Can I have a multi-limbed creature that doesn't have multiple sets of shoulder blades? Are they a broken set of neck-hips? Kept for stability but not the only shape used to support fore limbs? I note that all earth's quadrupeds seem to have them so they seem like they should be handy for more than being hard to scratch and a good hiding place for knotted muscles (my main experiences with my own shoulder blades)

Are opposable thumbs necessary for a culture to develop writing? Cuneiform looks like a cat could write it, as do many other early writing. (I'm not saying thumbs aren't handy for typing on a phone, but the phone comes after the thumbs, so that's culture forming to the body, not body forming to culture.)
 
I was reading a bunch of How To's yesterday for building cosplay wings. One of the most useful videos went over the veining in fairy wing structure. How if one is going to give butterfly-esk or dragonfly-ish or bee inspired wings, one should get a hold of an old field guide with wing anatomy diagrams. Note how the structure is designed to enable flight and what kind of flight. Then work one's fantasy wings from there.

Can you recommend sources of base information for non-bio-majors to begin tailoring aliens from?

What are shoulder blades for? Can I have a multi-limbed creature that doesn't have multiple sets of shoulder blades? Are they a broken set of neck-hips? Kept for stability but not the only shape used to support fore limbs? I note that all earth's quadrupeds seem to have them so they seem like they should be handy for more than being hard to scratch and a good hiding place for knotted muscles (my main experiences with my own shoulder blades)

Are opposable thumbs necessary for a culture to develop writing? Cuneiform looks like a cat could write it, as do many other early writing. (I'm not saying thumbs aren't handy for typing on a phone, but the phone comes after the thumbs, so that's culture forming to the body, not body forming to culture.)

There are a variety of Field guides to insects and other animals that will give you the basics of entomology, herpetology, etc. However I would recommend looking into books that are specific to animal kinetics. A number of books deal with flight in the natural world and these will outline and diagram various wings and the motions needed to attain various types of flight such as hummingbirds, dragonflies, swifts, owls, butterflies, etc.

The scapula (shoulder bone) is a mobile plate that provides both an anchor and added movement to the upper limb in aa biped or quadroped. In adding upper/additional fore limbs you would indeed need a secondary set of scapula.

This bone also connects to the back and neck as well as the collar bone.

Additional support comes from a socket and muscles that are attached to the limbs from the trunk or torso of the body.

I would be remissed in saying that it is impossible to learn tool use without an opposable thumb. There are elephants that paint illustrations of flowers in Thailand.

But without an opposing structure it does make tool use more difficult.

Some great books on the subject by a phenomenal artist and biologist that has created animals for all sorts of alien and fantasy worlds including Star Wars are the following:

Principles of Creature Design.

Animals Real and Imagined.

Science of Creature Design.

All three are written and illustrated by Terryl Whitlatch.

Great books with good explanations of anatomy and how to implement and use them for sci fi and fantasy creature creation.

I hope this helps out. Cheers!
 

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