A Dash over a Word

Lafayette

Man of Artistic Fingers
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I have discovered that I need to invent a language for my one group of characters in my novel. Doing this I have gone into my insert menu for different letters with accent marks. However, one symbol I can't find is a long mark or a dash going over two letters as in the word 'tool' like it is shown in the American Heritage Dictionary.

I have tried coping it here to show you and this what I get (tl).

I know there are other ways of showing this, but I prefer this long over word dash.

If anybody can help me in this I will appreciate it.
 
If anybody can help me in this I will appreciate it.
Various diacritics** (M$ Window's Character Map calls them letter modifiers) are available. The one you'd need, I think, would be the "Combining Overline" which is present in Arial and Times New Roman (M$ Window's Character Map gives its code as 0305, which is 0773 in decimal), but not, say, in Verdana, which is the default font on the Chrons. This places a long bar on the top of a single character, and the effect you want would require you to place this diacritic on both characters you want "linked".

I can achieve the effect you want in Word (from Office 2013) running on Windows 8.1, but only if the characters are the same height, such as a and e. With, say, f and g, the bar on the f is higher than the bar on the g. (It does kind-of work with upper case -- F and G -- but with these the bars don't quite touch, at least on my display.)

So how can I -- and you -- do this? Well the way to add the diacritic is to place your cursor between the two characters you want to link and do the following. Hold down the Alt-key (which should be to the left of your space bar) and then type the following number on your numeric key pad (it won't work with the numbers along the top of the standard keyboard): 0773. (Don't omit the 0.) This puts the bar on the first letter. Then move your cursor one character to the right and repeat the Alt-key process. (Note: if you use the alt-key process twice on the same letter, you get two bars.)

An alternative -- if the method above doesn't work for you -- would be to use characters with a character-wide bar on them so that, when placed side-by-side, they look as if there's a single bar above them. Unfortunately, I can't find any characters with a long bar above them.


A thought.... Have you considered how, if you're not just writing your novel for yourself to read, you are going to achieve this effect on machines other than your own? Does the printer or reader software or computer display them properly (and how would you know)? Is it really essential that you have this?


** - There's something about this on Wiki:

Depending on the keyboard layout, which differs amongst countries, it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Some have their own keys; some are created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark followed by the letter to place it on. Such a key is sometimes referred to as a dead key, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it.

In modern Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems, the keyboard layouts US International and UK International feature dead keys that allow one to type Latin letters with the acute, grave, circumflex, diæresis, tilde, and cedilla found in Western European languages (specifically, those combinations found in the ISO Latin-1 character set) directly: ¨+e gives ë, ~+o gives õ, etc. On Apple Macintosh computers, there are keyboard shortcuts for the most common diacritics; Option-e followed by a vowel places an acute accent, Option-u followed by a vowel gives an umlaut, option-c gives a cedilla, etc. Diacritics can be composed in most X Window System keyboard layouts, as well as other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, using additional software.

On computers, the availability of code pages determines whether one can use certain diacritics. Unicode solves this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it. With Unicode, it is also possible to combine diacritical marks with most characters.
 
Thanks for the tips and comments.

After a lot of looking, google searching, and experimenting I discovered the 0305 option you mention. I have discovered that it works only on one letter at a time and if you use lower case it will look like one continuous line. I have also discovered it will not work with the letters E and A.

I tried the 0773 option and all I got was funny looking boxes. It may not work for me because (due to my dystrophy) I employ a on-screen keyboard.

You bring up a good question : A thought.... Have you considered how, if you're not just writing your novel for yourself to read, you are going to achieve this effect on machines other than your own? Is it really essential that you have this?

I am assuming that it will for I am using Times New Roman and I will use unicode. If not then I'm going to have to have them embedded. And no, I don't look forward to that. Right now I feel it is essential for I don't want the runes to look too familiar. I want it to appear foreign.

By the way, I'm planning on publishing this as an e-book.
 
I tried the 0773 option and all I got was funny looking boxes.
The number, 0305, is in base 16 (hexadecimal) and it may be that the way your on-screen keyboard works is that it takes the Alt-key being down as an instruction to make your virtual numeric keypad treat entries as being hexadecimal (and it may even have the ability to accept the hexadecimal numbers, A, B, C, D, E and F).

My (real) keyboard does not accept entries as if they're hexadecimal (I have no idea how to enter numbers with A, B, C, D, E and F in them), which was why I had to translate 0305 into base 10 (giving 0773**) and type that in instead.


** - 0773 in base 16 is 1907 in base 10. There appear to be no allocated codes in Arial Unicode between 11F9 and 1E00, at least on my machine.
 
It also changes the font to Times Roman if it's not already there.
That's odd. What font and application are you using?

In any case.... Your comment got me thinking and I now see that my initial experiments were not as conclusive as I had supposed them to be.

To perform the experiments, I had created a new file, and so was using the default font, Calibri. With Calibri the bar was being placed above the letter immediately to the left of where the cursor was.

I have since used Verdana, and while the bar is the same length as before, the bar is now half over the letter to the left of the cursor, and half over the letter to the right of the cursor. (What's even more surprising is that Window 8.1's Character Map does not have a character 0305 (=0773 in decimal). There's an 0303 and an 0306, but no 0304 or 0305.)

The result I got with Calibri is also obtained with Times New Roman; the result I got with Verdana is also obtained with both Arial and Garamond. So it seems that the result depends on the font being used.


(That need for the number lock to be switched on shouldn't be a surprise: you are, after all, trying to enter numbers....)
 
I use word and Garamond font because my publisher uses Garamond.
it's Word from office 2007 and I use Vista (two separate computers the same OS).
That over-bar character is from Times Roman and I can change the other characters back to Garamond though the system identifies it as Times Roman.

Odd thing is on one computer it changes the characters to Times Roman and puts in the over-bar and on the other it removes them puts in the over-bar and I have to retype the letters, those characters show up in Times Roman and then I change them back to Garamond. There is probably some setting in Word that changes things subtly.

Of course--I don't need to use it so it doesn't hamper me. It might have something to do with pt size also I use 12pt letters.
 
Keep in mind that ebooks are displayed in the users' preferred fonts and what they have available, which may have a deleterious effect on your efforts.

But I'm afraid I don't have any specific knowledge of what it's likely to do, nor what you can do about that.
 
You are right it does work with Time New Roman, Garamond, and Arial.

Since the shortcut keys for this method don't work on this forum I'm attaching a MS Word 2010 file for those of you that are interested in doing a continuous over line or overbar.

By the way, I have Windows 7 Pro.
 

Attachments

  • Overbar or Over Line.docx
    13.1 KB · Views: 226
There is probably some setting in Word that changes things subtly.
I was going to suggest that perhaps it is Word (or Windows) trying to cope with letters that are not available in the font.

Garamond -- in Windows 7 (I'm using a different machine at the moment) -- does not have 0305 (in fact, nothing between 02DD and 037E), so Word, or Windows, has looked for the "nearest" font to Garamond, has found Times New Roman and used the over-bar from that.

However, I have just found that, with Windows 7, the over-bar works "properly" with Arial, whereas it did not with Windows 8.1. This seems -- if we weren't discussing Microsoft software -- the wrong way round, as one would expect things to get better with later versions... unless a single over-bar is meant to span two letters, rather than making us attach an over-bar to both. (I can't work this out using logic, i.e. is it easier, in terms of implementation, to put a diacritic over the previous character or easier to put it over and otherwise invisible, and zero-width, character that sits between two letters? Cold it be that neither implementation is correct, and that a single over-bar should be made to stretch the full width of both letters?)


As to the specific problem you're having, I think the only comprehensive and correct, if not very precise, answer is probably that: "Microsoft software is causing the problem."
 

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