No, not directly. Possibly indirectly (a Decider might have come across/ liked a short story you wrote, or are a fan of the mag you wrote for, and are therefore more open to reading your submission)
Anyway, it's kinda the wrong question.
The real question is 'will writing short stories improve my writing skills'. To which the answer is...probably.
Main thing is to keep on truckin.'
ETA. Well it seems I've time to pontificate, so here goes.
The biggest issue for a new writer , im(h)o, is that they're essentially working in a critical vacuum. Sure, Mum loves you work, and your friends well, those that have a clue (usually none) love it also.
But that means bugger all. In fact, being 'loved' by the uninformed non-critical may actually be of disservice to the new writer.
So, this is where the wonderful, and growing world of short story publishers, currently enjoying a huge rebirth and expansion ( due to technology in most part methinks) can be hugely beneficial. These publishers range from the non-pro to the very pro, but what they all have in common is a/ appreciation of stories and most importantly b/ they're COMPLETE STRANGERS! So, they've nothing to gain by being nice to you, in fact, they've more to lose than gain, if they judge you on anything but the work.
Yes, online or real critiques are very useful , very very useful, especially if you get the right ones.
But...someone who puts their time, money and reputation on the line (looking at you
@Glitch ) for someone they do not have any connection with other than 'the work', well that's pretty special, and hugely beneficial for a new writer.
In short, short stories are , to me, a very important element in the 'becoming a writer process', honing your skills, which will benefit a writer in every way, INCLUDING getting a novel published.
Makes sense?