I've had a Hotmail email account since before I had a Windows machine (or even Internet** access... ). At some point, I was given a Microsoft account recovery code, one that would be sent to a different email address*** when necessary. I don't recall the original code being very long, but the current one (provided in 2014) contains 29 characters.The phone is used if you need log in to Microsoft services and can’t remember your password (the phone gets a text code for log in).
Even with my hit-and-miss typing, I'd far rather use this than give a phone number that might have to be changed (and that, anyway, I don't want M$ to have). As it happens, I did once have to use the code, though only Microsoft knows why this was necessary (though perhaps it was associated with an Outlook upgrade). My email stopped working and, as I rarely even visit my BT email, I hadn't noticed that Microsoft had sent me an email telling me to use the code to get Hotmail up and running again.)
** - At the time, I was using an Acorn Risc PC and did not have Internet access at home. However, as I was leaving the company I worked for -- the site was being closed down and I couldn't accept a transfer to a distant site (for personal reasons) someone showed me, on a PC at work, how to get a Hotmail account. I've had it ever since.
*** - As it happens, I've never used that email address, or the one I had before, very often, as they both were associated with the ISPs I've used. I want an email address that will persist****, whatever Internet provider I might have. (Of course, there's no guarantee that my Hotmail/Outlook account will persist, but it has done since 2001, so that's a couple of decades.)
**** - I had an AOL account, but they sold their email service to someone else, a company that required one to keep using it or risk losing it. When I didn't, the account was frozen and I didn't get my AOL bills. For some reason, this upset AOL, even though they could still be paid... the email alert played no part, as far as I could tell, in the billing process, which just took money off my (debit? credit?) card.