I've always taken "dystopia" to mean something more than an unpleasant future. I've always seen it as involving a society where a large organisation, usually the government, oppresses or tightly controls the people, often dehumanising them - basically, a science fiction tyranny. So,
1984, Brave New World, The Hunger Games or
Fahrenheit 451 would count, but
The Road wouldn't. To my mind, dystopia often involves a single person - Montag or Offred, say - who tries to rebel against the society, and in doing so discovers how and why it functions. But I may well be wrong about this.
By this definition,
Dune isn't quite a dystopia, although parts of it (Giedi Prime, say) are almost certainly tyrannies, and virtually everyone lives in a class-bound society where birth decides position. At its very best, it's probably like Victorian England.
As for cyberpunk, there's usually room for a skilled person to have personal freedom - usually as some sort of mercenary, although Gibson's worlds do include artists and celebrities (albeit often tied into unpleasant contracts). I always got the feeling that there was absolutely no safety net for the poor (like Mona from
Mona Lisa Overdrive), and they had no real protection, health care and so on, and their rights meant nothing much at all. But the archetypal setting is callous capitalism run amok, rather than a vicious ideology imposed by the government.
Would
News From Nowhere count as an entirely utopian novel? There was a thread about writing "nice" futures a while ago.
I've been trying to write a space opera at least partially set in a pleasant and optimistic future society, and it's not easy! I don't think any of the following is political, but apologies if it's sneaked in... Part of the problem is that you have to say what constitutes "good". Almost...
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