Erotica is different, as it is considered by definition unliterary. Susan Sontag describes why this is in her essay The Pornographic Imagination. First, she writes, attempting to arouse a reader is meant to be “antithetical to the complex function of literature”; second, pornographic writing lacks a beginning-middle-end structure; third, “its aim is to inspire a set of nonverbal fantasies in which language plays a debased … role”; fourth, “it disdains fully-formed persons [and] is oblivious to the question of motives”. Sontag carefully dismantles all that using The Story of O, Story of the Eye and the troubling She-Devils by the Belgian writer Pierre Louÿs. But just using Koch’s definition, we can see that erotica can be literature: character is established through sex in the Fifty Shades novels, but also in All Fours, the latest book by Miranda July.