Despite the crushing disappointment of
32.08: Let's Kill Hitler, we can now add start and end points to our River Song timeline!
We know that River Song begins life as Melody Pond, daughter of Amy and Rory Pond, on the asteroid known as Demon's Run, in the 52nd century, having been conceived in the TARDIS on Amy and Rory's wedding night.
After the battle of Demon's Run, Madam Kovarian is seen feeling with baby Pond in a small spaceship.
In the unknown time following this escape, Madam Kovarian brainwashes Melody to hate the Doctor and assigns her to kill him.
//TIME GAP
Melody resurfaces in America in the year 1969 as a young child, having, we assume, been put into a spacesuit by a species we've mistakenly been calling
The Silence. We cannot be sure which iteration of Melody this child is.
In 1970, Melody winds up in New York, dying from an unknown illness. Eventually, she regenerates, but we don't know her new identity.
//TIME GAP
A regeneration leaves Melody as a toddler living in Leadworth, sometime around 1990*, who becomes best friends with Amy and Rory and is, in effect, raised by them. The couple know her as Mels, a troublemaker who is obsessed with the Doctor. When she finally meets the Doctor in 2011, she pulls a gun on him and the four of them jump into the TARDIS to travel back to 1938 so that Mels can kill Hitler.
Mels is fatally injured by Hitler and regenerates into the character we know as River Song. After a farcical routine in which she appears to attempt, repeatedly, to shoot the Doctor, she kisses him, poisoning him with her deadly lipstick.
After seeing the Doctor try to save his companions whilst on the cusp of death, Melody jumps into the TARDIS and saves Amy and Rory, claiming that she is a baby of the TARDIS, who taught Melody how to fly her. With Amy and Rory safe, Melody, who now knows herself as River Song, uses her lingering regeneration energy to heal the Doctor, later learning that he used her remaining regenerations.
From here, we see River (in what I guess is chronological order) during the application stages to become an Archaeologist (complete with her little, blue TARDIS book), at the Battle of Demon's Run, at the Doctor's death in 1969 America, when the Pandorica opens, at the Crash of the Byzantium and at her eventual death in The Library.
We know that, at some point in her history, River Song receives an updated sonic screwdriver from the Doctor, and meets him for: a picnic at Asgard, an adventure in "the Bone Meadows", a visit to Easter Island and a meeting with "Jim the Fish".
After her death, River is returned to some semblance of life within the huge computer, CAL, that lies at the heart of The Library.